Advertisement And Culture Of The Media - 1658 Words

Advertisement and Cultural Transformation in Middle East: In Special Context to Oman Abhishek K. Singh Faculty, Department of Communication Studies, College of Applied Sciences Sultanate of Oman dr.asingh89@gmail.com ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction In the era of information society, media is playing a very crucial part in everyday lives. It influences both how we see ourselves and society in all perspectives. There are different kinds of media and all of them are presenting their content in more fascinating and glamorize way to influence audience. The presentation of advertisement and pictures in the media is certainly creating a unique mental space in the mind of social capitals. As far as the advertising and their social influence are concern, the understanding of cultural differences is often considered a prerequisite for successful international advertising (Keegan, 2008) because consumers grow up in a particular culture and become aligned with that culture s value system as well as beliefs and perception processes. Several studies have shown that consumers are more inclined to respond to advertisements that are congruent with their culture (Boddewyn, Soehl, and Picard, 1986; Buzzell, 1968; Harris, 1984). Unlike, today’s era of media globalization is changing the taste of social capitals especially the youngster and their value system. The value system includes sets of beliefs, attitudes, andShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of Media Advertisements949 Words   |  4 PagesCulture in Media ADS The definition of culture states that it means a way of life of a group of people, the behaviors the beliefs values and symbols that they accept. Generally without thinking about them, and they are passed along by communication and imitation by one generation to the next. In the HSBC commercials we see them showing the differences between for an example the way certain cultures do business. Some American meetings take place standing up in order to save time. In Japan this wouldRead MoreAdvertisements And Social Media Make Up Majority Of American Culture Identity1936 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertisements and social media make up majority of American culture identity. These two elements make up what society is today. Advertisements appeal to consumers through sexism and racist comments or gestures. Social media creates a platform where people are not true to themselves and allows them to become fake on the internet. These two elements make up the negative side of America’s identity. America’s identity is shown through the marketers and the consumers in America; how people carry themselvesRead MoreAdvertising : The Magic System786 Words   |  4 Pages Commercial Culture Williams, R. (1980). Advertising: The Magic System. 170-195. Premises 1. While this article focuses on British history, Williams argues that the nature of advertisement has changed from a system to attract â€Å"specific attention† (similar to modern day classifieds) to a system that broadcasts â€Å"commercial information and persuasion† (p. 170, 184) 2. This change in advertising methodology is paralleled to changes in social and economic structures (p. 170, 177-178) 3. Through capitalismRead MoreThe Advertisement Of Coca Cola Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is advertisement? Generally, advertisement is the activity or profession of producing information for promoting the sale of commercial products or services or ideas. Advertisement can be represented in an audio, visual or video form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, non-personal message to promote. Traditionally, advertisement is communicated through different way, including old media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio and outdoor advertisement etc. InRead MoreTourism As A Tourist Country Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayed by the media that can create an opportunity to learn about different cultures. Gaining tourism knowledge about foreign cultures is now an easy task through the development of globalization. Stroma Cole, an activist researcher on tourism development, suggests that growth in tourism should be thought of as a â€Å"cause an d consequence of globalization† (Chambers, 2010 p, 21) and that the development of high technology in the media has been very influential on promoting tourism. The media has becomeRead MoreVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 Pagesreinforce traditional gender and sexuality stereotypes through the manifestation of the masculine and feminine miens. An examination of print media advertisements highlights the social and cultural ideologies associated with traditional gender roles that are expected and imposed on by society. â€Å"Advertisements are deeply woven into the fabric of Western Culture, drawing on and reinforcing commonly held perceptions and beliefs† of gender and sexuality stereotypes. They have a strong role in shapingRead MoreMass Media and Popular Culture953 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture March, 2009 Let us face the facts, mass media and popular culture need each other to coexist. Furthermore, in todays society the mass media serves the interest of popular culture. Moreover, it is the vehicle of free speech in a diverse, multicultural society. In addition, mass media refers to communication via radio, televisions, movie theaters, television, newspapers, magazines, and, etc; thereby, reaching out to the larger audience. On the contrary, popularRead MoreThe New Consumerism And Media Culture1418 Words   |  6 PagesDenise Bowen The New Consumerism and Media Culture Professor Chyng- Feng Sun October 31, 2017 In Chapter 27, The New Politics of Consumption: Why Americans Want So Much More Than They Need, author Juliet Schor states consuming is authentic as it gets in the American culture and the standard of living has changed in relation to consumerism. Americans need to work longer hours in order to make money that they are then pressured to spend. Schor describes today s consumerism as the new consumerismRead MoreThe Documentaries Killing Us Softly 4 Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesin mind, media, particularly the music video and advertisement industry, are essential parts of contemporary socialization, especially involving the perpetuation of gender roles in our culture. At a very young age, children learn, without difficulty, the differences between boys and girls, and what standards they are held to. Women are often objectified, systematically demoralized, and dehumanized in the music video industry and mainstream advertisement. External forces, such as the media, not onlyRead MoreThe Mass Media Has Become Apart Of Culture1068 Words   |  5 PagesDwelling in a capitalist’s society the mass media has become apart of culture. With a booming media industry, businesses are learning and habituating to incipient forms of media to promote and advertise products. In addition, print media is the first mass medium to communicate and reach an immensely colossal number of audience. We look to sundry of print media such as a magazine a somewhat reliable form of media delivering consumers with stories, opinions and visuals expressing current events. However

Loving or Bullying - 1399 Words

Do you believe in using physical punishment with your children? Did your parents use physical punishments on you when you had made one simple mistake? â€Å"Out of 720 adults forty-five percent found that a left mark on a child from a physical punishment was acceptable† (Time for an End to Parental Tough Love). That means 324 adults leave marks on their children on a daily basis. People over the years have been using belts and whips to punish their child so that they never make the same mistake again. Children having to come home to their parents with their hands held high for years until they were old enough to move out of the house. Other children were abandoned or just sent to war to be soldiers so that their parent would not want to take†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In Sweden smacking and slapping has been banned since 1979† (Time for an End to Parental Tough Love). They are already against tough love and have found a way to prevent it from happening anymore. When a child is abused, they almost instantly lose the dignity and respect that they are entitled to as a human being. Having to go to school or any public place for that matter, with marks and burses on their body is just demeaning and humiliating. Then there is the fact that discipline combined with not enough attention caused an increased amount of chance of behavioral problems. So in a way you are setting your child up to get in trouble at school or work. When parents do not know what to do they spend thousands of dollars to attend Tough Love Courses to try and fix a problem that does not exist in the first place. Having their child be put through something they will not understand because they are not bad kids. People waste all of that money to fix their child, when they could just be spending time with them instead and seeing that they are perfect just the way they are. People do not realize how serious the physical effects of tough love can be. When some children grow older they have mental disorders from being hit too hard or one too many times. This causes the child to deal with more rejections and hate from other peers and places during their lifetime. Other children have problems withShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Bullying865 Words   |  4 PagesThis was said during a period of time where bullying was not as big of an issue as it currently is. Whether someone has been bullied, been a bully, or have seen bullying happen, it has come up in some way at a point in their life. Bullying has affected various generations of people in many ways, causing a lot of different problems throughout the world. Some of these may include mental and physical health issues which can also lead to suicide. Bullying must be stopped in order to improve our livesRead MoreSexual Minority Communities And Hate Motivated Violence1021 Words   |  5 Pagessummarize the main points of the article as well as incorporating your reaction to the article. In the study done by Hatzenbuehler, Duncan, and Johnson (2015) they evaluated the environmental risk factors for bullying among sexual minority youths. Consequences seen in the targets of bullying include that sexual minority youths were threatened or injured at school, they tended to skip school because they felt unsafe, and that they needed medical treatment for the injuries that they received from theRead MoreCyber Bullying : Experienced Cyber Threats Online And On Social Media1439 Words   |  6 PagesKocks English IV Devereux 9/15/14 Cyber Bullying More than one in three young teens has experienced cyber threats online and on social media. Specifically 83% of teenagers use a cell phone regularly, making it the most popular form of technology and an easier way to access the internet. Being tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed and otherwise targeted by another teen is known as cyber bullying. With statistics this alarmingly high, bullying has become the largest issue facing generalRead MoreCyber Bullying Is A Serious Problem1569 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media, entertainment, and study purposes. What is behind the internet that we do not realize? Bullying comes in many different forms whether getting targeted on the playground, at work, or even on the internet. Bullying is a violent and harmful act. This violence has been around for as long as schools have been around, but bullying has increased elsewhere. The act of cyberbullying, which is bullying that takes place on any form of technology, is expanding a bundantly, with â€Å"more than one out ofRead MoreSame Sex Parenting is Just as Effective as Straight Parenting997 Words   |  4 Pageshe’s lonely and doesnt have friends and longs for a loving family since his past family decided to put him up for adoption. Then there is a same sex couple wishing to be able to adopt a child so their family can be complete, but sadly the same sex couple can’t adopt the child because of anti-gay groups that frown upon it. Think about it this way, would you rather have a sad and lonely child stuck in an adoption center, or a happy child with loving same sex parents that love him and keep him safe? Read MoreBullying : Affects And Proven Data954 Words   |  4 PagesBullying: Affects and Proven Data Bullying has been going on for years now. It had been a major problem for years. Although bullying has dramatically decreased it still happens. I will be telling you the long term effects of kids who have been bullied. How studies have come out on victims of bullies. Lastly I will tell you who has been the most effected by bullying. As a kid and up to my teenage years I was teased, made fun of, and the blunt of all rumors that went around. I can relate and am livingRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effect On Our Youth930 Words   |  4 PagesCyber-bulling â€Å"Cyber-bullying and its Effect on our Youth,† has released some useful information to American Osteopathic Association directed by unknown author and Dr. Jennifer N. Caudle, certified family physician. Dr. Caudle approaches to parents while she breaks down some statistics that could potentially prevent cyber bullying. Although, the author of the article along with Dr. Caudle does not reveal sufficient information of cyber bullying, the information given can be wisely incorporatedRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society991 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1970’s, when acts of bullying were considered more as a rite of passage. Today, we recognize the act as a type of violence. More scrutiny has been focused on this issue than it ever has been in the past. There are rules in schools, churches, as well as anywhere children or young adults interact. One might presume that this would show that this act of domination and humiliation would be on a serious decline. This is not the case. While some of the increase in bullying is because it was not consideredRead MoreBullying : Bullying And Bullying1394 Words   |  6 Pagesis however difficult to define bullying as there are different types of bullying. Bullying can be verbal, non-verbal, violent and non-violent. The reactions to bullying are also varied. While some do not mind bullying, some get severely affected by it. There are also others who grow stronger under constant bullying. Bullying can also occur at all ages and different environments. Kids, teenagers, and adults get bullied at school, in the Internet and at work. Bullying can also be quite subtle whereRead MoreThe Persuasive Essay : Bullying And Its Causes789 Words   |  4 Pagesthey see it on Tv any where in their surroundings. Bullying can take place anywhere like at home, school, and even a workplace. The person might have some personal social issues that can be negative. They can possibly have a hard time getting friends and bullying someone can grab some attention. A person can bully when they feel jealous and have a hard time expressing themselves on how they feel. They might not live with a family who are not loving and not being able to express their feelings to each

Inclusion Equal Opportunities And Diversity Education Essay free essay sample

In 21st century classrooms, there are more and more children coming from much more diverse backgrounds. Teachers need to teach these children with effective teaching methods and must therefore have pedagogical approaches that deepen their cultural understanding. Many of these children have a range of ability in language, abilities and culture. Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE) stated that teachers must employ not only theoretically sounds but also culturally responsive pedagogy. Teachers must create a classroom culture where all children, regardless of their cultural or linguistic backgrounds are welcomed and supported and provided with the best learning opportunity. What is inclusion? Inclusive education is concerning equality and human rights. Inclusion is more than an understanding and a policy requirement. It is on the subject of respect and values which welcomes diversity in the classroom and a wider part of society. The inclusion statement n the National Curriculum (DfEE/QCA 1999) stated that differentiation from a wide variety of needs and the planning of lessons to ensure access and participation was part of normal teaching. This point was further emphasised by Overall Sangster (2007) saying that it is about meeting the different needs of as many children as possible in mainstream schooling. What are equal opportunities? Equal opportunities are about being inclusive and fair in the way you deal with all children. Treating all children the same is not enough. Overall Sangster (2007) define fair to be when the teacher meets the needs of every child as far as they can. What is diversity? Diversity is something that is becoming more and more popular in the classroom. In simple terms, diversity just means that are is a variety of different types of children in the classroom. Not only is it a professional standard to develop an understanding of the cultural diversity in their class but it is also a legal requirement (Children Act, 1989, 2004), but are these legal requirements being met? Are these evident in schools? Figures from the Department for Children, Schools and Families show that last year saw the biggest year-on-year increase in pupils from ethnic minorities. Across the country, they accounted for almost 22% in 2007 compared to 20. 6% in 2006. From these figures it is clear to see that inclusion, equal opportunities and diversity are part of the ‘norm’ classroom and need to be therefore addressed appropriately. I will now discuss what it means for a school to be inclusive and if a school is ‘effective’ does it mean that it has to be inclusive as well? I will also look at barriers to learning and how they are overcome. School Inclusion It is important for schools to be inclusive. Hayes (2004) believes that inclusion is best understood as an aim, aspiration or even a philosophy, rather than as a set of techniques that can be applied to a situation. It is important for a school to aim to be inclusive to everyone in the school, whether this is towards children, teachers or other members of staff. Inclusion tends to be regarded as ‘the right thing to do’ and it is this moral imperative than often makes teachers feel guilty about saying anything negative about inclusive policies and practices. It is important to remember that a positive attitude to inclusion has an impact on the process of developing inclusive teaching strategies (Halliwell, 2003). As a trainee teacher, it is important for me to understand that inclusion is a process that is influenced by a number of different factors and has a different meaning for everyone involved. From experience, I have seen inclusion being carried out. This occurred during assembly when the whole school came together for their Friday ‘celebration assembly’. During this assembly, birthdays were announced and the children came to the front. All teachers and children joined in with singing happy birthday while as the same time signing it. This was a lovely experience to observe. The school as a whole were including everyone. Although there are many different indicators of inclusion to reflect on such as policies, practises and experiences of individuals learning, it is also my aim to carry these out. Such policies include Inclusive Schooling (DfES 2001b). This document provides practical advice to schools and LEA’s on the inclusion framework and sets out seven principles of an inclusive education service. The Every Child Matters Policy (DfES 2003, 2004a, 2004b) has according to Arthur, Grainger and Wray (2006) ‘served to set educational inclusion within the broader context of radical change in the whole system of children’s services including explicitly shifting from intervention to prevention with services working together more effectively’. The overall aim of Every Child Matters is to reduce the number of children who experience educational failure, engage in offending or antisocial behaviour, suffer from ill health or become teenage parents (DfES 2003). The Every Child Matters aims are said to be at the heart of Children Act 2004 (Arthur, Grainger and Wray 2006). Finally, according to Overall and Sangster (2007) the idea of an inclusive school is one that will meet the needs of many pupils in a variety of ways; within special classes, through support for individuals, differentiation in the curriculum and carefully thought through teaching, is an exciting idea. This is something that I should really develop as part of my philosophy of inclusive education. Barriers Inclusion is about looking for ways of reducing the barriers to learning that may exist for children who present more challenging circumstances. Prejudice and stereotyping are often significant in creating and maintaining these barriers (Overall and Sangster 2007). Within The National Curriculum (DfEE/QCA 1999) three principles were set out to develop a more inclusive education. Within these principles, the third is to ‘overcome potential barriers to learning and assessment for individuals and group of pupils’. These groups of pupils can range from SEN to EAL to Gifted and Talented. Overcoming barriers is further emphasised in Inclusive Schooling (DfES 2001b) with one of the principles stating ‘schools, local education authorities and others should actively seek to remove barriers to learning and participation’. Overcoming potential barriers to learning and assessment is relevant to all children who have already been identified to have an emotional, mental or physical need. Teachers must plan to meet these needs and also the needs of the rest of the class at the same time. One method of doing this is to pair a pupil with EAL with a pupil who is good at English. Peer encouragement is a great way of encouraging talk. I witnessed an example with an emotionally vulnerable child. This particular child was getting frustrated and upset when they couldn’t do their times tables because other pupils around the table were counting aloud and therefore interfering with this pupil’s train of thought. To resolve this problem, the pupil was sent into a quieter room where there was full concentration of the subject. As a trainee teacher, I need to plan my lessons which overcome barriers which I may face in delivering a lesson or scheme of work. Conclusion Schools should all have an inclusion, equal opportunities and diversity policy in place and one that is being actively carried out by all pupils and members of staff. It is important that I am positive about the right for all children to be valued and to receive the best education available for them. This can be helped by implementing and receiving guidance from local education authorities or attending extra training days. From reading I have learnt to develop my own pedagogy with regard to inclusion, equal opportunities and diversity. As a training professional I have a unique opportunity to contribute to developing my own personal practice and help with developing policies with other colleagues. My aim now is to need all the needs of the children who I will be teaching both on placement now and in the future with my own class of children.

Meteorological Hazards in Aviation

Introduction Throughout its history, the aviation industry has had a close but unpleasant relationship with the vagrancies of weather (Vickers et al., 2001). Indeed, it has been proved that weather is the single largest contributor to delays and a foremost factor in aircraft disasters and incidents, implying that real-time weather information is substantially critical for hazardous weather avoidance in aviation operations (Witiw, Lanier Crooks, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meteorological Hazards in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weather continues to exact its toll on the aviation sector, particularly when this argument is viewed in the context of past accidents that have been reported in mainstream media as caused by either meteorological hazards or a combination of human factors and weather elements (Broc et al., 2005; World Meteorological Association, 2007). The present paper critically di scusses some of the well known meteorological hazards in the aviation industry. Concept Definition Meteorology has been described as â€Å"†¦the science of the atmosphere, a sea of air that is in a constant state of flux† (Vickers et al., 2001, p. ix). Within this science exists a wide allay of weather/climatic conditions arising from natural interactions with other factors, products and byproducts, but which triggers a set of hazards that may prove disastrous to the aviator who must operate within the precincts of the atmosphere (Simpson et al., 2002). It is reported in the literature that no one is immune to the everyday oscillations of these meteorological hazards as they sweep across huge sections of the globe before dissipating (Vickers et al., 2001). Meteorological Hazards in Aviation Available literature demonstrates that there exists a multiplicity of weather conditions that qualify as hazards in aviation due to the scope and context of the dangers they present t o the industry (Broc et al., 2005). Some of the most predominant ones include icing, volcanic ash, poor visibility, windshear, heavy rains, lee waves, fronts, thunderstorms, cold weather and deformation zone (World Meteorological Association, 2007). This section samples a few of these meteorological hazards in aviation. Windshear Witiw et al (2003) describe the windshear as â€Å"†¦a sudden shift in wind direction, velocity, or both† (p. 131). These authors also report that the most aggressive expression of the condition occurs in a microburst, which is an intense downburst of cool air generated by, or released from, a large convective cloud. The World Meteorological Organization (2007) defines windshear as â€Å"†¦layers or columns of air, flowing with different velocities (i.e. speed and/or direction) to adjacent layers or columns† (p. 1). Windshear is a foremost hazard for low, slow flying aircraft in either the approach or departure phases due to the comp licated wind patterns occasioned by the downdrafts. As the aircraft glides through the microburst it stumbles upon intense headwinds accompanied by a substantial increase in aerodynamic drift and successive severe downdrafts, ultimately causing it to experience a rapid loss of lift and crash into the ground (Witiw et al., 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, some of the detrimental hazards caused by windshear include: 1) loss of aerodynamic lift and airspeed, making the aircraft to plunge into the ground before corrective action is taken by the flight crew, 2) turbulence especially in light aircraft, and 3) structural damage to the aircraft (Witiw et al., 2003; World Meteorological Organization, 2007). In the United States, the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB) database reveals that nearly 250 accidents involving U.S. aircrafts have been attributed to windshear, wi th 30 of them reported as major (Witiw et al., 2003). Thunderstorms Although one of the most beautiful atmospheric phenomenon (Harding, 2011), extant literature demonstrates that â€Å"†¦no other weather encountered by a pilot can be as violent or threatening as a thunderstorm† (Vickers et al., 2001, p.34). Indeed, thunderstorms generate more threats to the aviation industry and it is always important for the flight crew, air transport safety agencies, meteorologists and other interested stakeholders to not only understand their scope and context, but also how to deal with them effectively. Thunderstorms are generated by the coming together of several ingredients, including: 1) unbalanced air mass, 2) atmospheric moisture in the low levels, 3) some triggering mechanism, e.g. daytime heating or upper level cooling, and 4) other related meteorological vagrancies such as windshear (Vickers et al., 2001). These ingredients interact through a process called convection (transp ort of heat energy) to produce thunderstorms that basically attempt to correct the imbalance generated when the atmosphere becomes heated unevenly (Harding, 2011). It is important to note that there exist different types of thunderstorms that affect the aviation industry. Some of the most common types of include: 1) air mass thunderstorms – form within a worm, moist air mass and are non-frontal in character, 2) frontal thunderstorms – form either as a result of a frontal surface lifting an unbalanced air mass or a stable air mass becoming unbalanced due to the lifting, 3) squall line thunderstorms – aggressive combinations of strong winds, hail, rain and lighting, 4) orographic thunderstorms – occur when moist, unbalanced air is forced up a mountain slope at high pressure, and 5) nocturnal thunderstorms – develop during or persist all night (Vickers et al., 2001). Thunderstorms have the capability to generate hazards that can cause untold suffering in the aviation industry. For instance, â€Å"†¦all thunderstorms can produce severe turbulence, low level windshear, low ceilings and visibilities, hail and lighting† (Harding, 2011, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meteorological Hazards in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is not uncommon to hear news of aircraft that get lost in severe thunderstorms or helicopters that get struck by lightning, implying that each of these conditions can be potentially catastrophic (Broc et al., 2005). Other hazards generated by thunderstorms include ruthless clear icing, extremely profound precipitation, and dangerous electrical releases within and near the thunderstorm cell (Vickers et al., 2001; World Meteorological Organization, 2007). Visibility It is reported in the literature that reduced visibility is the meteorological element which impacts aviation operations the most through cancelled f lights, accidents as well as incidents (Vickers et al., 2001). These authors posit that the aviation industry uses various types of visibility, which include: 1) horizontal visibility – the furthest visibility achieved horizontally in a particular direction by referencing objects or lights at known distances, 2) prevailing visibility – the ground level visibility which is common to one-half or more of the horizon loop, 3) vertical visibility – the maximum visibility achieved by looking vertically upwards into a surface-based impediment such as mist or snow, 4) slant visibility – visibility achieved by looking forward and downwards from the cockpit of the aircraft, and 5) flight visibility – the standard range of visibility at any given time forward form the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Reduced visibility is caused by a multiplicity of factors, including lithometers (dry particles suspended in the atmosphere, such as haze, smoke, sand and dust) , precipitation, fog (radiation fog, frontal fog, steam fog, advection fog and ice fog), as well as snow squalls and streamers (Vickers et al., 2001). As already mentioned, low visibility leads to flight cancellations, fuel wastage as aircraft is unable to land in designated destination, aircraft damage in midair collisions, and deaths resulting from aircraft accidents (Watson, Ramirez Salud, 2009). Volcanic Ash The 2011 massive flight cancellations in Europe that were triggered by airborne volcanic ash from the Grimsvotn volcano in Iceland prove that volcanic ash is a major hazard to aviation safety at all levels. Indeed, â€Å"†¦like fine-grained mineral dust, volcanic ash affects radiative forcing and climate, public health, vegetation, and can cause property damage and disruption to community infrastructure† (Hadley, Hufford Simpson, 2004, p. 829). The major problem with volcanic ash emanates from the fact that onboard aircraft radars are unable to detect concentra ted ash within or near eruption plumes, leading to life-threatening encounters, huge losses in flight cancellations, and aircraft damage (Simpson et al., 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The damage caused by volcanic ash often calls for expensive repairs or total equipment replacement, thus it is of outmost importance for flight crew to ensure total avoidance of the ash for flight safety. What’s more, the pumice material contained in volcanic dust acts to abrade the aircraft’s leading edges (i.e. wings, struts, and turbine blades) to a point where the aircraft can cause a fatal accident if no replacement is done (Vickers et al., 2001). Icing or Icy Weather Schreiner (2007) acknowledges that â€Å"†¦icy weather, including ice pellets and cloud droplets that freeze on contact, affects air travel all over the world, especially during colder months† (p. 152). Aircraft icing takes place when supercooled water droplets from the atmosphere hit an aircraft whose body temperature is colder than 0oC, crystallizing into ice and occasioning serious detrimental effects that often expose an aviator to the real probability of causing an accident (World Me teorological Association, 2007). The two most important meteorological factors that affect icing include liquid water content of the cloud and temperature structure in the cloud. Some of the detrimental effects caused by icing include: 1) restriction of visibility as windshear glazes over, 2) disturbance of the smooth laminar air flow over the aircraft wings, occasioning a decrease in lift and an increase in the stall speed, 3) increase in aircraft weight and drug, hence decreasing fuel efficiency, and 4) incomplete or absolute blockage of pitot heads and static ports, thereby allowing erroneous instrument readings (Vickers et al., 2001). A study conducted by the NTSB demonstrates that approximately 819 people lost their lives in accidents linked to in-flight icing between 1982 and 2000 (Schreiner, 2007). Heavy Rain Although there is no agreed upon definition regarding rainfall intensity, heavy rainfall is defined in the literature as rates in excess of 4 mm per hours, while heavy s howers are perceived as rates in excess of 10 mm per hour (World Meteorological Association, 2007). Heavy showers, which are often associated with thunderstorms, qualify to be seen in the context of a meteorological hazard to aircraft due to their capacity to not only reduce physical and canopy/windscreen visibility, but also permit water ingestion into the cabin/cockpit/engine partitions of light, non pressurized aircraft, thereby endangering the effective and efficient operations of electronic equipment within the aircraft. There exists a possibility for aircraft turbine engines to ‘flame out’ and cause destructive effects under conditions of extreme rainfall and subsequent water ingestion (World Meteorological Association, 2007). Additionally, it has been reported that intense rainfall affects aircraft braking mechanism and may cause the aircraft to skid off the runway during takeoff and landing (Vickers et al., 2001). Duststorms/Sandstorms Duststorms and sandstorms, according to the World Meteorological Association (2007), are regions of raised dust and sand due to intense wind activity. The particles are propelled to different altitudes depending on the speed, instability and resolution of the wind flow, in line with the principle that smaller and lighter elements are lifted more readily and to much more elevated altitudes than weighty elements. Duststorms and sandstorms bring potentially destructive outcomes in aviation, such as reduced visibility, reduction of engine power in the event of dust and sand ingestion into aircraft engines, costly repairs, and aircraft crash in the event of a complete engine lockdown (Hadley et al., 2004; World Meteorological Association, 2007). Conclusion The paper set out to critically discuss some of the well known meteorological hazards in the aviation industry. It has been sufficiently demonstrated how normal meteorological processes, such as windshear, thunderstorms, visibility, volcanic ash, icing, heavy r ain, as well as duststorms and sandstorms, operate to become potential hazards in aviation. The potentially destructive outcomes arising from the different meteorological processes have been discussed at length, with the results demonstrating that many meteorological hazards lead to loss of life through aircraft accidents, loss of profits through frequent flight cancellations and rescheduling, loss of aircraft through structural damages, as well as costly repairs. It should therefore be the task of meteorology experts to conduct intense awareness campaigns in the aviation industry regarding the serious issues posed by meteorological vulnerabilities. Reference List Broc, A., Delannoy, A., Montreuil, E., Lalande, P., Laroche, P. (2005). Lighting strike to helicopters during winter thunderstorms over North Sea. Aerospace Science Technology, 9(8), 686-691. Hadley, D., Hufford, G.L., Simpson, J.J. (2004). Resuspension of relic volcanic ash and dust from Katmai: Still an aviation hazar d. Weather Forecasting, 19(5), 829-840. Harding, K. (2011). Thunderstorm formation and aviation hazards. National Weather Service. Retrieved from https://aviationweather.gov/general/pubs/front/docs/jul-11.pdf Schreiner, P. (2007). Enhanced icing product to guide aircraft around hazards. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88(2), 152-154. Simpson, J.J., Hufford, G.L., Pieri, D., Servranckx, R., Berg, J.S., Baver, C. (2002). The February 2001 eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: A case study of an aviation hazard. Weather Forecasting, 17(4) 691-704. Vickers, G., Buzza, S., Schimidt, A., Mullock, J. (2001). The weather of the Canadian Prairies. Ottawa, Ontario: NAV Canada. Watson, A., Ramirez, C.V., Salud, E. (2009). Predicting visibility of aircraft. PLoS ONE, 4(5), 1-16. Witiw, M.R., Lanier, R.C., Crooks, K.A. (2003). Integrating human factors into the human-computer interface: How best to display meteorological information for critical aviation decision-making and performance. Journal of Air Transportation, 8(2), 129-138. World Meteorological Organization. (2007). Aviation Hazards. WMO/TD-No. 1390. Web. This essay on Meteorological Hazards in Aviation was written and submitted by user M1cr0ch1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.