Touch Screen Alarm Clock Marketing Plan Term Paper

Contact Screen Alarm Clock Marketing Plan - Term Paper Example l guarantee that it effectively meets the prerequisites of each client by charging sensible cost for the item run and give includes in the morning timer in like manner. Since the business condition is getting wild and serious, it has gotten indispensable for the organizations to complete a statistical surveying before propelling the item in the market (Ranjhita, 2011). With the assistance of the examination, it was discovered that the touch screen morning timer has a tremendous potential for the new participants and passage hindrances are generally low (Cako, 2005). The new contestants can be trying to bargain as the opposition by means of new participants gets fiercer in the business showcase. In US, each top positioned brand is offering its items however there are a few territories where individuals have restricted access to these timekeepers. This restricted access makes an open door for different associations to showcase their items. The three zones distinguished by our organization are Ohio, Florida and California; the geographic division has been done to get an away from of the sort of clients that the organization will target. From the examination of the exploration discoveries, it is concluded that the brand name will be â€Å"Express Alarm Clock† and it will include two models based on highlights. One model will be straightforward with less highlights and other will be with convoluted highlights and it will comprise of incredibly high specialized highlights. The two models are settled on as per the necessities and requests of the objective market. Different parts of the showcasing plan are talked about beneath in detail. So as to provide food the correct objective market, it is significant that the objective market is chosen already which will guarantee that there will be sure number of customers who would purchase the item (Flink, 2011). The objective market of this new touch screen Alarm Clock is as per the following: Way of life: Depending on the existence cycle stage; little youngsters and grown-ups who are carefree, daring and innovatively sagacious.

Unforgettable essays

Life-changing papers When American Airlines Flight 11 collided with the north pinnacle of the World Trade Center, America changed. America was not, at this point a virgin to the shades of malice and disdain that this present reality advertised. The beliefs that America was impenetrable to assaults and dangers were broken, and dread had its spot. Will fear mongers seize another plane? Will secretive bombings occur? Could my mail be tainted with Bacillus anthracis? In spite of the fact that numerous of these feelings of dread gradually died down, they are still there. To battle some of these feelings of trepidation the legislature actualized numerous things, for example, the USA Loyalist Act, however at an expense to opportunities. In spite of the fact that not every person may concur with these activities, these measures are currently here. The entirety of this has influenced American residents, and even individuals around the globe. While numerous individuals were straightforwardly influenced by this calamity, for example, the casualties, everybody was in a roundabout way influenced. Presently a year has passed, and September eleventh has changed America in great and awful manners, for example, legislative structure and obligation, financial effect, social America needed to adjust to the pulverization brought about by these fear mongers. Numerous individuals considered how a catastrophe could occur at this size. How could the administration let this occur? Regular folks were posing inquiries furthermore, searching for answers. In the long run individuals discovered there were numerous alerts and perceptions that could have lead to the anticipation of the psychological oppressor assaults. The legislature denied that it was preventable, while others said that it could have if all the snippets of data were put together. Regardless of whether, the administration would need to transform it arrangements and method of social occasion and arranging data to forestall another such fear based oppressor assault. One of the primary changes by the legislature was that the FAA halted all trips in the United States of America. This was to attempt to keep some other planes from being perhaps captured, and to represent eve... <!

How to Read More Than One Book at a Time Critical Linking, September 10

How to Read More Than One Book at a Time Critical Linking, September 10 Sponsored by Penguin Random House Its the bookworm dream: being able to cruise through multiple books at the same time. I mean, not literally at the same time. But to be like Rory Gilmore, with a bus book and a lunch book and a book of poems when youre in a poetry kind of mood and a memoir for when youre in an introspective space. Just think of how neat and tidy your TBR (to be read) pile would look. But for many of us, the impulse to read more than one book at once is often tempered by the logistics of the whole undertaking. Where do you read your different books? And what? And when? Heres how to become a multi-book reader, according to Reddit. Are you into it? Joyce Maynard, who was wooed as a teenager by the late JD Salinger, has spoken out about how the literary world condemned her as “a predator”. Maynard was 18 when an essay of hers was published in the New York Times, along with a photograph. The piece led the then 53-year-old Salinger to contact her and, as Maynard writes in the New York Times, urged her to “to leave college, come live with him (have babies, collaborate on plays we would perform together in London’s West End) and be (I truly believed this) his partner forever”. Joyce Maynard recalls being labeled a predator, and being criticized for speaking out about her experiences with Salinger. In 1874, Tolstoy’s long-suffering wife, Countess Sophia Andreevna Tolstaya, received a gift from her brother: it was a joke recipe book of all the dishes Tolstaya had developed over the years to satisfy the gastronomic whims of her husband. In the book you can find everything from snippets of conversation at family meals to recipes for turnip porridge â€" there’s even instructions for macaroni cheese à la Tolstoy. Almost 150 years later, the cookbook has finally been translated and republished. It promptly went on my Kindle app and I set about getting an idea of what a 190th birthday party chez Tolstoy would have looked (and tasted) like. Celebrate Tolstoy with a glass of kvass and a slice of Ankovsky pie. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Myers and Briggs Personality Tests Essay - 1137 Words

Myers and Briggs Analysis The Myers and Briggs Analysis is a series of questions that when answered are examined and grouped together in order to determine the personalities of those taking this test. This particular test can result in sixteen different outcomes or types of personalities, which is determined by four different categories that judge if you are introverted or extroverted, use your senses or your intuition, your choice to think or use your feelings, and finally if you are judgmental or perceptive. These series of questions are designed to judge our personalities and help us to determine which career pathways we will be most suited for based on our personality traits and abilities to work well with others, which is important†¦show more content†¦I do find my values to be important to me, but I am not one to push my values onto others because I would never ask someone to believe in or do something they did not agree with. Overall this analysis of my personality se ems to be pretty accurate with a few traits from the ISFP category as well. Myers and Briggs created a personality test that not only will help people to figure out their personality types, but at the same time it aids in the discovery of which career pathways people should take based on their specific personality traits. Based on the personality trait INFP that was given to me from the Myer-Briggs test I have quite a few career pathways that fit my personality. Some of the career choices suited to my personality is a writer, counselor, teacher/professor, psychologist, psychiatrist, musician, or a religious worker; which seems like a pretty broad selection. Although there is a broad selection of careers that would suit my personality none of which are the career path that I have chosen; which is to become a physical therapist, but if I was not set on a goal some of these career ideas would not seem too bad. While reading the list of jobs suited for my personality I was surprised to see that psychologist was on the list because before I decided to go for physical therapy I wanted to pursue a career in that exact field. As for most of the other fields mentioned above IShow MoreRelatedThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1378 Words   |  6 PagesFor the Myers Briggs personality test I am an ISTP when I am stress and when I am at my best. I was surprised with these results due to the fact that my freshman year in the Harold Leadership Academy I was required to take the Myers Briggs assessment and scored the letters INFJ. I find myself leaning more towards INFJ because the test was at least seventy-five questions. When reading the definitions of ISTP and INFJ I find that I would agree with my personality having a little bit of both. The MyersRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1369 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper describes the results of the Myers-Briggs personality types of extravert, intuitive, thinking, and judging (ENTJ). These personality results identif y potential careers and occupations, communication types, and partner compatibility information. The research will describe the validity of each personality trait and the characteristics associated with the personality of ENTJ. Additionally, the research is beneficial for my career to gain an understanding of how I can apply my strengthsRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Myers-Briggs personality test was created; to understand diversity and help us learn and become better individuals to the world at large. This paper evaluates the results of my Myers-Briggs test and how it applies in my personal life and career. Furthermore, I discuss what I have learned and how it it would benefit me in the future. ïÆ' ¼Needs work The Myers-Briggs personality test is designed to categorize human personality and behavior. Based on Carl Jung’s theory, Katherine C. Briggs and herRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test768 Words   |  4 PagesLindsey Osbon Mrs. Brennan English II H - 6th 5 September 2014 Lindsey Madison Osbon: The Supervisor Who would have known that four letters can describe a person in complete detail! The Myers Briggs Personality Test can explain your own personality better than you ever thought you could. My personality falls under ESTJ, which stands for extraverted, sensing, thinking, judging. ESTJ s are usually hard workers that use logic and tradition to complete things efficiently while staying organizedRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1343 Words   |  6 Pagesour personality type and temperament allows us to leverage our strengths and to recognize areas of weakness. This can also be extended to our interactions with others, so that we attempt to recognize the personality and temperaments of those around us, i.e. Typewatching, in order to facilitate more efficient and effective communication. In so doing, we can become better employees, managers, spouses, children, and, ultimately, for the Christian, more like Christ. The Myers-Briggs Personality TestRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Pe rsonality Test1478 Words   |  6 Pagesweek of class, we were asked to complete the Myers Briggs Personality test, and then to read up on our results. Once I had completed the typology â€Å"test†, I received my results in the form of four letters: INTJ, and afterwards, I decided to view what the four letters represented. Likewise, once I had begun to read the explanation provided by the website, I found that I was agreeing with several of the sentiments, as I felt it not only described my personality to near perfection, but also for the reasonRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test1166 Words   |  5 Pagesdevices attempt to tell us our personalities, or our combination of traits and behaviors that make up who we are. However, psychologists today deviate from those unsubstantiated methods and have concocted various personality tests that give us a better understanding of who we are. One such test is called the Myers-Briggs personality test. Based on theories by Carl Jung, but primarily created by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother, Katharine Cook Briggs, the test gives people a standardized surveyRead MoreMyer Briggs Personality Test : Myer1516 Words   |  7 Pages Myer-Briggs Personality Test When taking the Myer-Briggs personality test I was somewhat nervous about my results because I was learning about myself answering the questions even before I completed the assessment. My results for the personality assessment were INFJ which means introverted intuitive feeling judging. According to the humanmetrics article, INFJs are distinguished by both their complexity of character and the unusual range and depth of their talents. The article also suggests theyRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test923 Words   |  4 Pagesto God that he gave me stubbornness when I know I am right†. John Adams, like myself was introverted, intellectual, thinking, and judging, or an INTJ on the Myers Briggs personality test. Like all INTJs, Adams was stubborn and flouted the ideas of others that he did not agree with. By using my results from the Meyers Briggs personality test, I can examine how I react to certain things and use this to improve my Spirituality, my relationship with God, and ultimately my relationship with others throughRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Personality Test2071 Words   |  9 PagesThe Myers-Briggs Personality Test is discussed in two steps. In Step 1, the results of my Myers-Briggs Personality test are discussed while going into detail about each letter. Real life examples are provided for context of each letter. The weaknesses of each letter are also discussed. In Step 2, the lessons learned about how it relates to organizational behavior and to my specific organization are discussed. Project 1: Myers-Briggs Personality Test Discussion The Myers-Brigg Typology test is designed

Taking a Look at Worker Compensation - 787 Words

The Human Resource is one of the main departments in a business that was established to serve the rights of the employees and the policy of the organization. It is then divided into sub disciplines which consist of Compensation and Benefits as one of the essence in the structure of managing an entire workforce. As being mentioned in www.boundless.com, Compensation deals with the salary and wages of the employees. There are several definitions about Compensation, but generally, Compensation is the overall form of monetary or non-monetary pay that is given to the employees as a reward for their required services and relationship to the employer. (Susan M. Heathfield, n.d.) The importance of Compensation is relatively apparent to an organization as it affects the wellbeing and performance of an employee. Thus, it gives impacts to the operation of a fit organization. Therefore, compensation should be abided by the objectives of itself that focuses on the four main units which are efficie ncy, fairness, compliance and ethics. According to Rose Johnson of Demand Media, the objectives of instituting a compensation deal can be distributed into three specific parts – motivation, retention, and compensation law. To deliberate on how compensation influences employees’ behavior, it is only relevant to emphasize on the motivation of the employees. The idea of compensation stimulates the drive of an employee to strive their best to meet up to the expectations of the organization goals. TheShow MoreRelatedRole of Compensation in Human Resources Management773 Words   |  4 Pages Compensation and Benefits: Definition and Importance Compensation, Benefits, Employee Benefits, fringe benefits, compensation and benefits Posted by Numan Nazir on Friday, 02/12/2010 12:07 am       Human Resource Management (HRM) has never been as significant as it is today. Companies want to attract, retain and motivate brains to meet objectives. Today Humans are regarded as one of every company’s assets so they need to be efficiently and effectively managed. One of the tools companies use to attractRead MoreEmployee Is Harmed At Work1581 Words   |  7 PagesIn the event an employee is harmed at work and they meet all the requirements for workers compensation they can get health advantages and salary for the amount of time they miss work. With a specific end goal to get these advantages, the representative must lose their entitlement to sue their manager for the offense of disregard. There are a wide range of arrangements, which fluctuate from state to state. The workers that fit the bill for pay can get week after week installments as opposed to beingRead MoreCOMPENSATION CH. 11449 Words   |  4 PagesTurn†¦ 1. The replacement of highly paid workers with lower-paid workers did not cause Circuit City to perform so poorly. I have come to this conclusion based off of the section, Caveat Emptor, and am confident in my response. I do feel as though the variables were measured effectively and were useful in their research. However, just because it was useful does not mean they were actually related. The replacement of the highly paid workers with the lower paid workers is not necessarily the reason for CircuitRead MoreThe Ethics Behind A Ceo Making 600 Times More Than An Average Worker1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe ethics behind a CEO making 300 times more than an average worker. The problem in America today isn t that some people are getting rich. We d probably all like to be rich. The problem is, most people are getting nowhere,† David Bonior (D-MI) has argued. Why is it that Chief Executive Officers of large companies are making upwards of 500 times more than their average worker? And why are some CEOs only making $1 per year in salary? This paper gives a forefront for different types of CEOs, includingRead MoreThe Objectives And Objectives Of Hr Administration1585 Words   |  7 Pagessteam clients in downtown Milwaukee. Despite the fact that everyone needs electricity and jobs in today s economy, organizations try to look after gainfulness, pull in and hold gifted workers, and stay in front of its opposition. These objectives require strategic planning to adequately convey particular purposes to deliver results, for example, making compensation and benefit plans for their representatives. WE Energies understands that pay and benefits are a necess ary piece of HR administration,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Hr Department With The Ideals And Goals Of The Organization1525 Words   |  7 PagesIt is great that this meeting is taking place because in order for human resources to work, it is important to communicate and link the strategies of the HR department with the ideals and goals of the organization. There are three levers of Human Resource Management, staffing, training, and compensation. Compensation is the most important of the three because it deals a lot with pay. Echo’s compensation is going to have a big effect on the employee’s attitudes and behaviors as well as impact theRead MoreThe Female Employer May Sue For Emotional Distress956 Words   |  4 Pagesfemale employer could file a Workers Compensation claim. In the Supreme Court of Virginia. Ms Butler filed a workman s comp claim, Butler v. Southern States Coop. Inc., __ Va. __, 620 S.E.2d 768 (Nov. 4, 2005), stating among other things, her employer was responsible for the emotional distress when a co-worker grabbed her and tried to kiss her while conducting business duties. However Ms. Butler lost her case, with the courts stating the workers compensation law does not cover distress,Read MoreThe Goals Of Disability Management Programs1419 Words   |  6 Pageswho are attempting to return to work following an injury or illness via change in job task and or the work environment to enable workers with temporary or permanent disability to perform work productively. In light of financial and legislative realities, organizations develop disability management programs to prevent workplace injury and illness and to accommodate workers in a manner that facilitates early and safe return to work. The goals of disability management programs include promotion of safeRead MoreThe Primary Determinant Of Rate Of Pay Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesher pay category, skills do. The more skills a worker has, the higher the wage. Skill-based p ay systems seems to mean nicely with the changing nature of jobs and the new world of work, Henderson (2004). Another factor that influences an employee’s pay is the kind of business the organization is in. private-sector jobs typically provides higher-rate of pay than public-sector or non-profit jobs. The nature of the business and its impact on compensation also applies to different industries. For exampleRead MoreWhat Are Transactional Hr Responsibilities?857 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibilities are generally considered more task-oriented processes such as â€Å"Administrative, order-taking, updating an individual employees’ HR Records, filling a vacant position or locating a training program for an individual† (Jones, 2009). These responsibilities usually have to do with an organization’s compliance to federal and state regulations. Some of these include: recruiting, staffing, benefits and compensation, payroll, and some types of training. Strategic HR responsibilities surpass transactional

Self-Reflection, Essay Sample Free Essays

Although we all can agree that there are myriads of qualities for illustrious leadership: integrity, trustworthiness, transparency, confidence, vision, passion, patience, tolerance, the aptitude to execute ideas, etc. But one leadership quality that I believe rests at the core of effective, great leadership – and one that whenever it is embraced, leaders often break out into a sweat, and some still prefer to avoid it altogether. Most leaders would say they do it, that sounds great, but it can be quite a painful process. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Reflection, Essay Sample or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m speaking, of course, about â€Å"self-reflection†. If I were to pick just one leadership quality that was guaranteed to remaining constant throughout my leadership journey, self-reflection would be my choice. Honest self-reflection is extremely important and vital for all people; it is critical for Army leaders – for those with significant influence. Besides to influencing a leader’s personal growth, the absence of honest self-reflection of leaders decreases the ability and capacity of teams to change and attain goals in an effective manner. Why self-reflection? Simply it is because everything starts with knowing who you are, what you’re doing, how you’re doing it, and why you’re doing it. It’s one thing to read about self-reflection as a leader, actually it is another thing altogether to do the work of honest self-reflection. As a leader, it’s important to take time to pause for self-reflection as well as to evaluate your engagement with those on your team. As leaders, if you don’t take time out to reflect frequently on yourselves and where you are headed you run the risk of bumping into failure. When you pause for reflection it allows you the opportunity to correct shortfalls in your leadership, improve follower job-satisfaction, and to increase team effectiveness. As great leaders you have to be in the right state of mind to reflect on what’s driving your behavior, to consider what got you in that situation and how you may avoid it in the future. Probably not. The natural reaction is, â€Å"well, I’ll be harder, or I’ll just go faster.† But, that’s mistaking activity for productivity. Leaders, productivity demands self-reflection. Engaging in honest self-reflection requires leader humility. It requires a capacity for self-awareness. It requires a willingness to reflect on personal faults and shortcomings which shape the organizational environment and the experience that followers have in the organization. When you face challenges, as leaders, in motivating and empowering subordinates it is important to first look to you as leaders to begin seeing how you personally may have contributed to demotivating subordinates. We may argue that the greatest challenge to motivating and empowering followers is me and you. It is about self-reflection and self-leadership first. As leaders, we must have a unique blend of both professional will and personal humility. With such a blend, we can attain self-confidence and self-efficacy to own that we do not have all the answers and that we have less control than we may have initially thought. Leaders must also be willing to look into the mirror to see what they contribute to the lack of motivation among their followers. Humility plays a key role in self-reflection and is a crucial starting point in making such motivation and empowerment come to life. Self-reflection is not spending hours after hours contemplating your umbilicus. It’s what are your values, and what are you going to do about it? It’s all about knowing yourself as leaders, and getting better at what you do and who you are; it’s self-improvement, and being self-aware – a non-judgmental understanding on how you respond, react, engage, and interact. There’s no doubt or query about it; being a leader signifies having many responsibilities. Many look up to you, and you are always expected to perform and execute your responsibilities at an enormously high standard. You also have the responsibility to self-reflect. Great leaders are the ones that display an ability set that cannot be impersonated – meaning they lead from the heart. Effective leaders today or in the future should realize they will lead from their hearts and know the hearts of their team members. Although commitment to quality readiness, drive, and passion are all very important, a passionate commitment to your team for cohesion and readiness is what will determine your success, effectiveness, and enthusiasm as great leaders. While compassion and leadership are seldom definitely correlated, to build a better workforce and better culture leaders at all echelons need to practice zealous commitment throughout the organization. Strong leaders should always have at the core of their focus a drive to be of benefit to the people they are leading. Passionate, compassionate, humble leadership begins with the intention to see as others see. In leadership the merit of self-reflection is not to be underestimated. All too often, leaders invest too little or no time into self-reflection. Leaders should strive to improve how they create engagement in followers and build human capital-centric cultures. Amongst other traits, the ability to differentiate one’s faults, to be broken as the result of such faults, and in response to seek a meaningful change is one of the most important characteristics of great leaders. Leaders are not excused from this significant human characteristics. The issue is not about having faults and making mistakes in your usual leadership routine. Instead, the issue is whether or not leaders have the ability and capacity to reflect on these mistakes and engage in honest self-reflection. Leaders who do this are able to learn from their mistakes and then grow as persons and as great, humble leaders. Self-reflection commands giving earnest thought to your character, actions, behaviors, and beliefs. It also encompasses asking yourself thought-provoking questions so that you can develop a deeper understanding of you. Am I being a leader others can respect and follow? Am I meeting the expectations I set for others around me? Am I using my talents fully? Am I performing at my peak ability and capacity? Am I giving my followers, my family, and friends my most and my best? Am I engaging in the worthy activity? Am I making a positive impact? Am I on the path to my desired future? How to cite Self-Reflection, Essay Sample, Essays

Capital Allocation Competency on Business

Question: Discuss about the Capital Allocation Competency on Business. Answer: Introduction This study has highlighted the marketing behaviour of Wesfarmers Limited. In this connection, this study has highlighted stakeholders perceptions regarding the performance of the organisation. In addition, this study has provided the reputation, mission and corporate service responsibility of Wesfarmers. On the other hand, in this study the annual ranking of Wesfarmers would be mentioned. This study has also identified the stakeholders of the organisation. The business objectives of Wesfarmers would be discussed in this connection. Background of the company In this section, Wesfarmers Limited is a renowned Australian conglomerate and the head quarter is in Western Australia. Wesfarmers is famous for its retailing business. In addition, Wesfarmers is also famous for the production of chemicals, fertilisers, coal mining and other safety products. As opined by Ohata Kumar (2012), it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers has earned highest revenue in the year of 2015 within the industry. Wesfarmers has earned AUS$ 62.7 billion revenue. Moreover, it can be added that Wesfarmers overtook its rival Woolworths Limited. The number of employees in this organisation is approximately 205000 and therefore, it can be identified that Wesfarmers is the largest private organisation of Australia. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the number of shareholders of Wesfarmers are approximately 530,000. Wesfarmers cooperative limited was developed in the year of 1914 as a cooperative organisation. In the year of 1919, more than 65 cooperative organisation s were treated as the agents of Westralian farmers association. On the other hand, it can be stated that after becoming a renowned public organisation, Wesfarmers has aimed to acquire other businesses. In this context, Wesfarmers has acquired Coles group, departmental stores, Kmart automobile organisations, chemical, energy and the fertilisers companies. In the words of Arrfelt et al., (2015), the objectives of Wesfarmers can be discussed briefly in the following: The primary objective of the organisation is to satisfy the necessity of the consumers by providing greater quality of goods and services. In this context, it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers has tried to deliver good quality of services to the customers. This is the competitive advantage of Wesfarmers. In the point of Hsu et al., (2014), it can be added that Wesfarmers also focused to provide a greater working business environment for the subordinated of the organisation. In this purpose, the organisation has provided awards to the employees for their good performance. As a result, the employees also willing to increase the individual performance. This would in turn improve the overall organisational productivity. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the business opportunities would be inevitably open up to the employees of the organisation. On the other hand, it can be opined that Wesfarmers has aimed to contribute a larger share of the business to the economy for the growth of the country. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the national income of the country would be increased. According to Buniamin et al., (2012), it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers has followed the corporate social responsibility program in their production process. This would increase the consumers satisfaction level. Therefore, it can be inferred that Wesfarmers has aimed to maintain a long term relationship with the organisation. In addition, corporate social responsibility program is helpful to reduce the waste disposal, which would create during the production process. Lastly, Wesfarmers always tried to focus to maintain integrity and honesty within the business environment. This study also highlights the mission statement of Wesfarmers. In this connection, Haar White (2013) opined that Wesfarmers aimed to deliver a satisfactory return to the organisational shareholders. Moreover, it can be stated that Wesfarmers has aimed to develop and maintain a disciplined business culture. Furthermore, it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers has focused on four core values such as openness, integrity, boldness and accountability, with refer to the appendix 1. As per the concept of integrity, Wesfarmers tried to do right thing, whereas the openness mission is helpful to work together as one team. The boldness mission highlighted that Wesfarmers always aimed to improve their business performance to earn more revenue compared to its competitors. The accountability factor aimed to the cost structure of the organisation. Mehta Gupta (2014) added that Wesfarmers aimed to follow end to end relationship with the stakeholders and aimed to manage each of the phase of partners w ork wear cycle. Wesfarmers group has also aimed to the entire systems and processes to meet the organisational passion for the business. Review regarding the performance of Wesfarmers According to Benn, Dunphy Griffiths (2014), it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers is at thirteenth position as per the ranking of corporate reputation index of 2015. The shares of Wesfarmers Limited are higher by 1%. On the contrary, Jia et al., (2014) argued that over the last 12 months the performance of Wesfarmers is not at all impressive along with the gaining of the share price by 3.6%, compared to the 8.1% gain in the index. As per the review, it can be added that the retail market offer the investors of the organisation a steadier growth profile. Therefore, it can be opined that the return on earnings from the business has increased. As a result, the overall profitability of the organisation would be increased (Wesfarmers.com.au). Identification of key stakeholders As per the statement of Kim, Lee Prideaux (2014), it can be stated that Wesfarmers used to listen and understand the necessity and requirements of the stakeholders in order to make the business of the organisation successful. This stud has identified the employees, consumers, shareholders, suppliers, media, government and the non government organisations as the stakeholders of the company. Employees: As per the recent study, it can be noticed that Wesfarmers has employed 220000 people in the year of 2016. Cosby (2014) mentioned that the employees of Wesfarmers seek to be a part of the decision making procedure and provide their valuable review, which would be helpful for the business restructuring. The organisation has also aimed to receive feedback from the employees to improve the performance of the organisation. In this connection, the whistle blower process is benefitted to receive the reviews of the subordinates annually (Ellinger et al., 2012). Consumers: Wesfarmers always tried to communicate with its consumers in order to identify the satisfaction of them. In this connection, the organisation has tried to contact with them through emails, letters, telephones and also trough official websites. After collecting the information and consumers feedback, the management supervise the feedback of the consumers based on the collected information. Shareholders The main issue, which the shareholders of Wesfarmers increased, is connected with the balance sheet and the industrial competitiveness. This would be helpful to operate the dividend policy and portfolio management. Suppliers Wesfarmers aimed to maintain a long term relation with the suppliers. In this context, Shen et al., (2013) cited that the long term business sustainability would be improved. Wesfarmers is able to return the investment of the suppliers from the business. Corporate character With refer to the appendix 2, the seven dimensions of corporate culture figure depicted that corporate competency is helpful to analyse the connection between the corporate communication strategy, organisational stakeholders position and the performance of the organisation. In the point of Killingsworth Flynn (2016), it can be mentioned that although there are some small inconsistencies within the model, these minor shortcomings would be reflected in case of the application of seven dimensions of corporate personality scale. On the other hand, it can be added that this corporate connection can be discussed with the help of seven following dimensions, which are benefitted to achieve the mission and the vision statement of an organisation. Agreeableness: As per the concept of agreeableness, it can be mentioned that agreeableness is depending upon four dimensions such as social justice, sustainability, and openness and employee engagement. Wesfarmers has aimed to maintain the open arm business culture and follow the corporate social responsibility to improve the business performance and also increase the satisfaction level of the consumers. Enterprise: In this context, Ohata Kumar (2012) opined that the Wesfarmers also looking for the product innovation in order to improve the performance of the organisation. In addition, the organisation has planned to implement strategic plans to achieve the objectives of the organisation. Competence: Core competencies are helpful to develop the organisational strategic management. Strategic development would in turn help Wesfarmers to set the business goals. In addition, it can be mentioned that knowledge would provide the managers of the organisation relevant information. This information is required to recognise the opportunities within the business environment. Ruthlessness: In the words of Haar White (2013), this dimension is able to control the inward looking, aggressive and the arrogant corporate personality of Wesfarmers. In this purpose, the managers of Wesfarmers need to monitor the performance of the employees significantly. Chic: With the help of this dimension, Wesfarmers would be able to overcome the challenging situation in the business. Informality: As opined by Mehta Gupta (2014), it can be mentioned that the management of an organisation can maintain a stronger relationship with the external stakeholders. Machismo: This dimension of corporate characteristics refers that Wesfarmers only recruited the efficient and skilled employees. Moreover, it can be added that the employees, who have experiences in this field get the opportunity to recruit. The performance of the skilled employees would in turn increase the overall productivity of the organisation. Analysis of the company character In order to develop the corporate communication strategies of Wesfarmers, this study has mentioned some relevant approaches. It is necessary to achieve the organisations goal to meet the business objectives. According to Benn, Dunphy Griffiths (2014), these corporation strategies can increase the reputation of the organisation. In this purpose, Wesfarmers could improve the relationship with the stakeholders. The stakeholders also will willing to maintain a long term relationship with the organisation. Moreover, the corporate competencies are aimed to implement product innovation strategy in order to improve the business strategy. Therefore, it can be inferred that core competencies of the business would be increased. In addition, Cosby (2014) mentioned that it is necessary to develop the trust of the stakeholders. This is also important to make a business successful. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that Wesfarmers requires to improve the brand image and the brand valuation. This would increase the consumer purchase intentions and consumer loyalty. The consumers also would like to purchase goods from the organisation. Therefore, it can be inferred that the revenue earning by the organisation would be increased. This would in turn increase the profitability statement of the organisation. The business by the organisation would be expanded in the global market. On the other hand, Killingsworth Flynn (2016) cited that based on the SWOT analysis, the strength and weakness of the organisation would be identified. This would in turn help the organisation to improve the performance by identifying the shortcomings in their performance. Therefore, these approaches can significantly improve the performance of Wesfarmers. Recommendation After analysing the overall study, it can be recommended that seven dimension of competency is required to implement within the organisation. This can effectively increase the performance of an organisation. Moreover, it can be stated that the organisation also requires to follow corporate social responsibility program to achieve the business objectives. The performance of the organisation would be successful. Conclusion This study has highlighted the importance of corporate communication. In this context, this study has described the background of the organisation. In addition, this study has mentioned the position of Wesfarmers as per the RepTrak review. This highlights the financial performance of the organisation. On the other hand, this study is important to identify the stakeholders of the organisation and how they reflect the business of the company. The mission and the vision statement of Wesfarmers has described in this connection. In this study, the importance of seven dimensions of corporate competency has discussed which has enhanced the essence of the study. References Arrfelt, M., Wiseman, R. M., McNamara, G., Hult, G. T. M. (2015). Examining a key corporate role: The influence of capital allocation competency on business unit performance.Strategic Management Journal,36(7), 1017-1034. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Buniamin, S., Johari, N. H., Rahman, N. R. A., Rauf, F. H. A. (2012). Board diversity and discretionary accruals of the Top 100 Malaysia corporate governance (MCG) index company.African Journal of Business Management,6(29), 8496. Cosby, D. M. (2014). Sustainability Program Leadership for Human Resource Development Professionals: A Competency Model.Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict,18(2), 79. Ellinger, A., Shin, H., Magnus Northington, W., Adams, F. G., Hofman, D., O'Marah, K. (2012). The influence of supply chain management competency on customer satisfaction and shareholder value.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), 249-262. Haar, J. M., White, B. J. (2013). Corporate entrepreneurship and information technology towards employee retention: a study of New Zealand firms.Human Resource Management Journal,23(1), 109-125. Home. (2016).Wesfarmers.com.au. Retrieved 19 December 2016, from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ Hsu, C. C., Tan, K. C., Jayaram, J., Laosirihongthong, T. (2014). Corporate entrepreneurship, operations core competency and innovation in emerging economies.International Journal of Production Research,52(18), 5467-5483. Jia, J., Wang, G., Zhao, X. N., Yu, X. (2014). Exploring the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and corporate performance: The role of competency of executives in entrepreneurial-oriented corporations.Nankai Business Review International,5(3), 326-344. Killingsworth, C., Flynn, T. (2016). Assessing the CPRS Pathways to the Profession competency framework: Perspectives on corporate communication leadership competencies and credentials.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,21(2), 177-194. Kim, S. S., Lee, J., Prideaux, B. (2014). Effect of celebrity endorsement on tourists perception of corporate image, corporate credibility and corporate loyalty.International Journal of Hospitality Management,37, 131-145. Lawson, R. A., Blocher, E. J., Brewer, P. C., Cokins, G., Sorensen, J. E., Stout, D. E., ... Wouters, M. J. (2013). Focusing accounting curricula on students' long-run careers: Recommendations for an integrated competency-based framework for accounting education.Issues in Accounting Education,29(2), 295-317. Mehta, C., Gupta, P. (2014). Corporate entrepreneurship: a study on entrepreneurial personality of employees.Global Journal of Finance and Management,6(4), 305-312. Ohata, M., Kumar, A. (2012). Big data: a boon to business intelligence.Financial Executive,28(7), 63-65. Shen, C. H., Chou, C. M., Hsiao, H. C., Lee, Y. J. (2013). Analysis of Core Competency Required for the Managerial Work Force of Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan.Journal of Software Engineering and Applications,6(03), 111.

Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace

Introduction Cyber crime is a growing global problem. Despite intense efforts by law enforcement officers to stop the practice, cyber crime continues to spread. Brenner (2010) says that partly, the growth of cyber crime stems from the extra-territorial nature of the practice. On the contrary, Wall (2007) argues that the growth of cyber crime mainly stems from the changing nature of such crimes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The abuse of new technology has also led to the spread of this practice. Consequently, there have been rising numbers of cyber attacks in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). These countries have reported cyber crimes for many years and despite the increased attempts to curb their spread, they continue to increase. Loader (2012) reports that developed countries, which do not have an est ablished internet connection also, report increased incidences of cyber crime.  The American government has taken cyber security with utmost importance. In fact, the US Homeland Security considers America as a thriving ground for cyber crimes. This is because America is not only a victim of such attacks, but also the source of most attacks (Schell 2004). The Anti-Phishing Working Group recently produced new statics that show the growth of cyber crimes within the past year (Chik 2012). Increased awareness of cyber crime in the UK and America has largely informed the rise in the number of cyber crime litigation in both countries. However, most of these litigations do not have a common legislative basis.  This paper explores the nature of cyber crime in the context of the law of defence (in the US and the UK). From this analysis, this paper highlights the legal underpinnings of UK and US laws on self-defence. A lot of emphasis is made to compare the application of the law of defenc e on cyber crime, viz-a-viz the application of the same laws in the â€Å"physical world.† In this regard, this paper explores the law of defence (as outlined by the UN), the right to bear arms, and the implications of these laws in the cyberspace. UK and US Laws on Cyber Crime America Since federal and state governments govern American states, the process of formulating laws divides between the state and federal governments. Usually, state laws are more applicable to cyber crime, unless there is a special situation where there is a need for Federal intervention (Chik 2012). For example, when cyber crime threatens national security, Federal cyber laws may apply.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternatively, when the prevention of cyber crime requires the uniform application of law, the Federal government may intervene in the formulation (or enforcement) of such laws. Therefore, because of the distributed functions of state and federal governments, both governments have contributed in the formulation and enforcement of cyber law. Nonetheless, because of the political differences in America, every state formulates and enforces their laws. There is therefore no legal requirement for all American states to adopt uniform laws (Chik 2012). UK Specific legislations on cyber crime in Europe inform UK’s cyber laws. Indeed, there is a close relationship between Europe’s public policy on self-defence and UK’s legislations on the same. For example, the UK is subject to cyber crime legislations, as formulated by Council of Europe (CoE). Therefore, the provisions of self-defence laws (under the convention) are applicable in the UK, as they are applicable in other European countries (that are signatories to the convention). The close historical, geographic, and economic relation between UK and Europe inform the close interconnection betwe en the UK and Europe’s cyber laws. Nonetheless, the most common law governing cyber crime in the UK is the Computer Misuse Act of 1990 (Securelist 2012). The government has however updated this act with newer and stiffer penalties. The quest to update this law came from the inadequacies of existing laws to curb hacking activities within the UK. More so, this issue came into sharp focus when previously existing legislations failed to convict Stephen Gold and Robert Schifreen for gaining unauthorised access to a UK organisation, BT Prestel services. Because of the inadequacy of the law to convict the two suspects, the court acquitted them. The Right of Defence Normally, every country has a right to defend its people against any form of attack. However, technological advancements have introduced a new form of attack, which contravenes the conventional wisdom regarding the right to defend a country. The cyberspace is the platform where conventional rules of self-defence have been broken (Arsene 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, as Moore (2010) observes, several countries still adopt a conventional approach to prevent cyber attacks. For example, the US uses the military to defend the country against cyber attacks. Arsene (2012) questions the justification for doing so, because there are many risks associated with adopting a military approach to defending a country against cyber attacks. One risk is the overlap of self-defence and conventional space defence strategies. In other words, militarising cyber security may take a war-like approach, which should not be the case. Therefore, while conventional wisdom may approve the use of force in conventional space, the use of force as a right to self-defence may not work in the cyber world. Therefore, even though a cyber attack may manifest the same characteristics as a conventional attack, responding to such an attack with force may be unlawful (Arsene 2012).  People often compare the self-defence law to the English law. Researchers say this law is part of private defence because it allows for the use of illegal means to prevent an attack (or protect a country from harm) (Himma 2008). In Britain, this law stems from the common law and the criminal law act of 1967 (Samaha 2005). One common principle of self-defence rules focus on the use of reasonable force to prevent an attack. Therefore, from the nature of the law, self-defence is more of a justification as opposed to an excuse (Scheb 2011, p. 417). Globally, the right of self-defence in cyber attacks is still an unresolved issue. Indeed, because of some complexities identified when comparing cyber attacks with conventional attacks, it is difficult for countries to exercise (blindly) their right to self-defence without considering the unique dynamics of cyber attac ks (Committee on Deterring Cyber attacks 2010, p. 163). The UK and the US share the same approach to cyber attacks. Both countries propose the use of force when cyber attacks result in death, injury, harm, or destruction of property. However, the US has been most vocal about this provision. In fact, there are loud calls in the US to treat cyber attacks like â€Å"ordinary† attacks if they cause death or property destruction. The US Defence Department claims that it will not hesitate to use force to defend itself against cyber attacks that can kill, destroy property, or harm its people.Advertising Looking for research paper on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Right of Defence as Per the UN Law and Proportionality of Response Article 2 (4) of the UN charter describes situations when countries can use force for self-defence (Ellen 2012). The clause discourages the use of force as a means to solve international conflicts, but it approves it when states need to defend themselves from external aggression. Article 51 of the UN charter stipulates this provision (Ellen 2012). Many people have interpreted the provisions of this charter to either support or oppose the use of force as a self-defence mechanism in cyberspace attacks (Jasper 2012). Here, the main dilemma centres on whether to use force, even when there is no armed attack (like in the cyberspace). Some analysts have approved the use of force in such situations, while others deny the use of force (Ellen 2012). Because of the dilemma caused by the application of Article 51 (the use of force as a self-defence mechanism), the International Court of Justice has been forced to interpret the use of force as a self-defence mechanism. Milhorn (2007) explains the court’s ruling by demonstrating that the use of force as a self-defence mechanism only applies to situations where there is significant and the real threat of a country. The charter also stipulates that the use of force only apply to the specific country that wants to defend itself (Ellen 2012). Moreover, the article says that the intention to defend the country using force should show a high probability of success. Lastly, the charter says that the force applied should be proportional to the damage suffered from the attack (Schiller 2010). All the above stipulations are difficult to apply in the cyberspace. In fact, some observers say it is impossible to apply the above provisions in cyber crime (Wyler 2005). Usually, the complication arises when determining any direct loss of life (or any loss of property) that meets the conditions of triggering article 51. Broadly, it is often difficult to find the e vidence that would trigger the activation of article 51. The complications brought by the nature of cyber crime also pose a challenge to the implementation of article 51 of the UN charter because some cyber crimes are difficult to trace to one country. Moreover, even if a state traces the source of the attack to one country, they may not know the individual who is directing the attack (Wyler 2005). For example, an attacker may infiltrate innocent servers and use them to direct the attacks, as a zombie. Furthermore, trying to trace such attackers may consume a lot of time. Estonia and Iran provide examples of the difficulty of tracing attackers because even though the countries experienced cyber attacks a few years back, they have still been unable to know the real identity of the attackers. Lastly, the main issue affecting the use of force (as stipulated in article 51 of the UN charter) rests on the need to prove proportionality and necessity (Himma 2008, p. 410). Besides the time-c onsuming nature of knowing the identity of attackers, it is also difficult to prove that allowing a counter-attack may achieve the objective of preventing the attack. Similarly, it is difficult to limit the effects on intended targets if a defensive attack occurs. From the strict circumstances that the UN allows defensive attacks, it is difficult to meet the criterion for launching an armed attack in cyber crime (Carr 2011, p. 50). Therefore, even though cyber attacks may interfere with a country’s economic sphere, air space, maritime space, and territorial integrity, it is difficult to depend on article 51 of the UN charter to justify defensive attacks on cyber crimes. Right to Bear Arms In the UK, the right to bear arms is part of the English common law. Scholars, such as, Aristotle and Machiavelli have also recognised this right as part of a person’s right to self-defence. Similarly, the US constitution also acknowledges the right to bear arms as part of self-defenc e laws. The same protection replicates in several state constitutions. Still in the US, the government introduced the right to bear arms as a second amendment to the bill of rights. In the UK, the common law tradition acknowledges the right to bear arms (Wyler 2005).  Parliamentary supremacy in the UK has however imposed many regulations to the right to bear arms. For example, the prerogative to control the right to bear arms shifted from the monarch to parliament. Notably, the Pistol act of 1903 was the main legislative provision that regulated the right to bear arms (Wyler 2005). The right to bear arms covers several weapons that are offensive to the law. Knives and firearms are the main weapons considered offensive by the UK law. While the right to bear arms may be a critical part of self-defence law, its applicability in the cyberspace is impractical. Indeed, the right to bear arms aim to protect a person from a physical assault (or harm). However, attacks in the cyber world a re intangible. Similarly, as other situations described in this paper, it is difficult to know the attacker. Therefore, it is equally difficult to apply the right to bear arms as a means to protect a person from cyberspace attacks. Case Studies Cyber space security poses unique challenges to the application of self-defence laws. For example, when two people share organisational resources through open port access, it is difficult to establish the legal justification for using self-defence legal provisions if an attacker tries to infiltrate the cyber network. This situation is true when one party gives another party the authority to gain access to the organisation’s resources, and the second party responds to a security threat through the established connection. Technically, the second party would not be breaching the law because he responds to the attacker through an established connection. In the above situation, it is difficult to establish the right legal framework for appr oaching the issue because the intention of the attacker is not established. If the second party knew the intention of the attacker, it would be easier to justify the action of the second party who acts in self-defence. This scenario elopes in the Computer misuse act, which seeks to establish the intention of the attacker (first) before any legal consequences are determined. Without knowing the intention of the attacker, it is difficult to establish that the law was broken. An incident that occurred in the UK, in 2004, demonstrates the need to establish the intention of the attacker before castigating an attacker. Here, an organisation accused a teenager of destroying a server by sending millions of mails to the server (Ellen 2012). However, the court ruled that the defendant had not contravened the computer misuse act because his actions did not lead to any unauthorised changes to the information in the computers. The failure to prove the intention of the defendant proved to be the biggest weakness here. However, if the organisation could prove that the teenager changed the information in their servers, they would have established the intention of the attack and held the defendant liable for his actions. They however failed to do so. The above case highlights the need to establish the intention of an attacker as he tries to gain access to the cyber network. With the absence of a determined intention from the attacker, it is difficult to justify a response to an enemy threat. Therefore, the existence of the intention to gain unauthorised access to a cyber attack does not provide sufficient ground to warrant a counter-attack. However, if the attacker went further and altered information on the servers, substantial grounds for a response would be sufficient to warrant a conviction. In a situation where an attacker declares that he is part of a wider network of global cyber commons, issues of self-defence also arise because if an attacker is part of the global cyb er commons, he may install cookies into an organisation’s resources. Cookie installation poses significant threats to online privacy and security because an organisation’s resources could be availed to a third party, thereby compromising an organisation’s cyber safety. Indeed, through the installation of cookies, an attacker may easily access an organisation’s resources and use them to harm it. Bajaj (2012) says that the installation of cookies resembles the storage of an organisation’s resource in a central database where everyone can gain access to it. Moreover, an attacker may intercept an organisation’s traffic (through cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted Http sessions) and use the information acquired here to harm the organisation (Bajaj 2012). Therefore, even though an attacker may be part of the global cyber commons, he may pose significant threats to an organisation. These threats prompt organisations to defend themselves. Therefore , based on the severity and the possibility of such threats occurring, it is crucial for an organisation to defend itself from such risks. Stated differently, if a burglar enters a person’s house, the owner of the house has a right to defend himself. However, the cyberspace (as part of the global cyber common) poses unique challenges to cyber security (and more specifically for issues of self-defence). Albeit an artificial one, Bajaj (2012) explains that the cyberspace is part of the global cyber commons. Therefore, like other national assets like the sea, oceans, land, and air, states need to protect the global cyber commons against any attack. However, unlike physical resources like land and oceans, the global cyber common does not have national borders. Therefore, except for a few strategies discussed in this report, it is very difficult to defend a country/organisation (completely) from attacks in the global cyber commons. However, if an attacker declares that he is part of the global cyber commons and installs cookies in an organisation’s resource base, the law of self-defence applies because as a resource owner it is crucial to monitor the activities of every website visitor. Even though there may be significant flaws in comparing the cyberspace with the physical world, monitoring visitor activities on an organisation’s website resembles installing CCTV cameras to monitor shoppers’ activities in a supermarket. This is a critical safety measure of self-defence.  Nationally, states also protect their interest in the global commons because they understand the implications of the global cyber commons on national security and strategic interests (Bajaj 2012). This is especially more profound in the US. Therefore, protecting a nation’s interest in the cyber common network forms part of national defence. The same justifications, which countries use to protect their national interests in the cyber commons, outline the justifi cation for the enforcement of self-defence laws to monitor visitors’ activities on an organisation’s website.  Different organisations have adopted different strategies for defending themselves against attacks from the global commons. One such strategy is the installation of filters to enforce censorship. However, none of these strategies provide absolute protection to an organisation because the protocols for gaining access to organisational resources are accessible from anywhere in the world. Therefore, different servers and networks can access company resources from different locations around the world. Broadly, the laws for defending an organisation/country against cyber attacks are still unrefined, but it is crucial to say, different countries and organisations continue to pursue the same strategy they would use when defending themselves against physical attacks. Conclusion Self-defence laws aim to protect people and organisations from injury, or harm. However, the changing technological nature of the environment has brought new challenges to the applicability of these laws. Often, the law has played catch up to cyberspace attacks and even developed countries are still grappling with the challenge of enforcing self-defence laws without contravening other laws. This paper demonstrates that the provision for the enforcement of self-defence laws pose unique challenges to the enforcement of the same laws in the cyber world. Therefore, albeit cyber attacks may bear the same characteristics of an armed attack, it is difficult for organisations to evoke self-defence laws, even as outlined by article 51 of the UN charter. Some of the unique challenges posed to the enforcement of self-defence laws in the cyber world include proportionality issues, the trans-national nature of cyber attacks, and the difficulty experienced in identifying the attacker.  Besides the above challenges, it is similarly difficult to invoke self-defence laws (at least in the conventional way) in cyber attacks because cyber attacks (often) do not lead to the direct loss of life. Therefore, there is a significant mismatch between the use of armed attacks (as a self-defence mechanism) because it is difficult to satisfy the conditions for approving armed attacks in the cyberspace.  This paper also highlights significant differences and similarities in the applicability of defence laws in the UK and the US. By the nature of their geography and distribution, both countries are subject to larger legislative provisions in cyber laws. For example, the UK is a signatory to European laws on cyber attacks, while cyber defence laws that the Federal government formulates also bind American states. Even though cyber defence laws continue to evolve in these countries, the English common law is the basis of their enforcement. In America, the bill of rights also plays a critical role in the enforcement of these laws. Nonetheless, throughout the analyses in this pap er, there is a clear trend towards the militarisation of self-defence laws in cyberspace (especially in the US) (Greenwald 2012, p. 2). Analysts should treat this trend with a lot of caution because the militarisation of self-defence laws in the cyber world may fail to achieve the same objectives they would achieve in the â€Å"real† world. It is therefore pertinent for international and local laws to encompass the unique dynamics of cyberspace attacks. The introduction of a new set of laws to accommodate these dynamics may be a good start for many countries to address the unique challenges of the cyber world. References Arsene, L. 2012, U.S. to Apply Self-Defense Rule if Cyber Attacks Turn Hostile. Web. Bajaj, K. 2012, Cyberspace as Global Commons. Web. Brenner, S. 2010, Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace, ABC-CLIO, New York. Carr, J. 2011, Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld, O’Reilly Media, Inc., New York. Chik, W. 2012, Challenges to Crimin al Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore. Web. Committee on Deterring Cyber attacks 2010, Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy, National Academies Press, New York. Ellen, M. 2012, ‘Cyber Security without Cyber War’, J Conflict Security Law, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 187-209. Greenwald, G. 2012, Various matters: cyberwar, last gasps, and hate speech. Web. Himma, K. 2008, The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics, John Wiley Sons, London. Jasper, S. 2012, Conflict and Cooperation in the Global Commons: A Comprehensive Approach for International Security, Georgetown University Press, Georgetown. Loader, B. 2012, Cybercrime: Security and Surveillance in the Information Age, Routledge, London. Milhorn, T. 2007, Cybercrime: How to Avoid Becoming a V ictim, Universal-Publishers, New York. Samaha, J. 2005, Criminal Justice, Cengage Learning, London. Securelist 2012, Cybercrime and the law: a review of U.K. computer crime legislation. Web. Scheb, J. 2011, Criminal Law, Cengage Learning, London. Schell, B. 2004, Cybercrime: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, New York. Schiller, J. 2010, Cyber Attacks Protection, CreateSpace, New York. Wall, D. 2007, Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, Polity, New York. Wyler, N. 2005, Aggressive Network Self-Defense, Elsevier, Massachussets. This research paper on Self Defence Issues and Implication in Cyberspace was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on My Life Achievement Essays

Essay on My Life Achievement Essays Essay on My Life Achievement Paper Essay on My Life Achievement Paper My Life Achievement Essay Many people judge others by their life achievements such as educational level and material possession. Some clichà © of people argues that an individual’s life achievement shows their level of hard work and dedication. However, it is important to judge people not just by their past achievements, but also by the things they aspire to achieve in the coming days (Pajaczkowska, 2013). From that point of view, I appear to have attained a life achievement by graduating from college. The vision and goals I hope to achieve in life compels me to fix my eyes on the ball in order to attain them in the near future. In this paper, I would address my personal achievement, which is graduating from college. For some students, attending a college is a way to improve professionally while it is a way to improve one’s situation for others. For many students, attending a college is a path that will help them improve their family’s situation and make the community proud of them. I decided to join a college to gain professional skills that will allow me to get a decent job. I had goals that I wanted to achieve, and I believed getting a diploma will allow me to reach those targets. I also believed that a good college will enhance my socialization skills. I am happy that I managed to graduate despite various challenges that I encountered as an immigrant student. I thank God that I graduated, but it was not easy for me. I was an immigrant student and the only member of my family to be in a college. There are many challenges that face immigrants’ students; they find it hard to get fees assistance from institutions that help students and also they may face cultural challenges. There are times I might have felt to give up, but I encourage myself to go forward and make an achievement. I could not allow those challenges to deter my ambition to graduate one day since I was determined to succeed. My family gave me moral support that was instrumental during my college days. As the first person in my family to join college and graduate, I hope to be a role model for other family members and friends who aspire to join college. I worked hard in order to graduate. I attended every lecture so that I could not miss any information from the professors. Apart from a few college mates, a majority of them were instrumental in my studies because they provided a good environment for learning. The contribution of my lecturers cannot be ignored; they were always ready to offer guidance concerning various questions that I asked them. When I see my diploma, I see myself as a successful person, and I count it as a life achievement. The college life gave me an opportunity to meet many students from different walks of life and enhance my socialization skills. I hope my graduation from college will serve to motivate other young people from my family and community. I hope they will learn from my perseverance and be motivated to study hard. Since I am now a graduate, I can apply for any job that I qualify because graduating from college has given me a key to open the door for jobs. I hope to impact my family, community and the entire world in a positive way. References Pajaczkowska, A. (2013). Jan Czochralski: Brief sketch of his life and achievements. Journal of Crystal Growth.

Performance Appraisals at Head Office Assignment

Performance Appraisals at Head Office - Assignment Example Before moving into the main aims and objectives of performance appraisals, it is essential to gain a brief idea of performance appraisals. Performance appraisal was started as a simple method to provide income justifications, i.e. to explain if the salary drawn by an individual was justified or not based on their performance (Lawrie, 1990). This was a consideration since the human tendency to judge others work and performance created a lot of problems related to the motivation, ethics, legal ruling etc. at workplaces. To ensure that the appraisal systems were just, lawful, fair and accurate, performance appraisal was introduced. The process was linked to the material outcomes, i.e. if an employee’s performance is to less than ideal then there would be a cut in pay, however if the performance was better than the ideal level set by the supervisor, then there would be a rise in pay. Performance appraisal is a very essential part of employment. There are several reasons for performance appraisals to be conducted. As mentioned earlier, human tendency is to judge how a person is performing at the job and to try to eva luate if the ideal level of performance is met up to (Runion, Brittain, 2006). To understand performance appraisal better it is essential to focus on the elements that are taken care of by performing appraisals. The main aims and objectives of conducting performance appraisals on a regular basis are to assist the employer provide the employee with feedback and advice on how to improve in areas that require correction (Mohrman, et.al., 1989). This is the best way to communicate any strength the employees have and also to discuss the weaknesses and provide possible solutions. Since most of the performance appraisals are very open and it allows employees to rate their supervisors as well. This allows a better understanding and better relationship among the employer and employee. The

Admiralty law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Admiralty law - Coursework Example The nature of the rights and remedies, as well as the repercussion of the claims greatly differs, based on who presents the claims, and the nature of such presented claims. For example, the claim that a passenger presents have very different remedies, from such claims presented by the members of the crew (Charles, 2008 p11). Admiralty Law is very dynamic and amorphous, in that it changes the nature of defenses issued, through incorporating into the defense system some defenses that are not stipulated in the common laws, or by removing some standing laws that previously guided this practice. Consequently, the in-depth knowledge of Admiralty Law is necessary for any individual wishing to raise a claim under the law (Frakes, 2003 p22). This law consists of a combination of domestic laws governing the internal maritime activities and the private international laws, which guides the activities and the interactions of private entities that are operating within the seas (Eliot, 1963 p20). T he component o this law are major international treaties which have been enacted in the recent decades, to guide the relationships and business undertakings between countries and the private entities on the seas. The flag that a ship flies in the high seas determines under which jurisdiction of the law such a ship falls. The jurisdiction of the ship, and thus all the consequent cases arising from its activities and interactions with others fall with the country that the flag possessed by the ship belongs. However, the substance and the authenticity of such flag is a paramount issue, in Admiralty Law, in that some ships may fly flags that do not truthfully reflect the country they emanate from (Davis, 2008 p10). In our case, O charted its ship, the Costa Lotta, to go and carry a consignment of crude oil from Greece to the UK. The vessel was to carry the cargo that belonged to VC, which is domiciled to Greece, without any of its business operations in the UK. During the process of tra nsporting the crude oil, the vessel, Costa Lotta developed a problem, which arose from bad weather in the Mediterranean, when it was near the coastline of Italy. As a result of this problem, the cargo that was carried by the vessel got damaged, losing substantial of the crude oil into the sea. The master of the ship sought help from a salvage company, since the ship had been refused to dock in any port of Italy. With the assistance of the salvors, the remaining cargo of crude oil was salvaged, and the salvors helped in the clean up procedure that saw the clearance of the oil that spilled into the sea. Having been assisted, the savors are seeking compensation for helping salvage the cargo held by Costa Lotta. On its part, O, the company that owns the Costa Lotta is avoiding the salvors, by failing to compensate them for their salvage mission. More to this, O has gone ahead and sold Costa Lotta, the vessel that was salvaged to Bruno. This makes the subject of dispute in this case unav ailable. The master of the vessel was arrested and detained in France, required to explain the incidence that led to the sea pollution, which affected the coastline of France, rendering it inappropriate for visit by tourists. On the other hand, VC, the company that owned the cargo that was being transported by Costa Lotta has failed to complete the payment. VC argues that the loss of cargo that was incurred by the company should be set off against the remaining payment to O. Additionally; VC argues that the loss occurred due to the incompetence of the master of Costa Lotta. Thus, there are many legal issues underlining this case, which can be traced to the Admiralty Law. The first legal issue is whether O will succeed in raising a claim

Mcdonalds Competition Against Burger King

Mcdonalds Competition Against Burger King McDonalds is one of the best global foodservice retailer which has more than 32,000 local restaurants serving more than 60 million people in 117 countries each day. More than 75% of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local public. The Company serves the world some of its favourite foods World Famous Fries, Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, Chicken McNuggets and Egg McMuffin. The history began with our founder, Ray Kroc. The strong foundation that he established continues today with McDonalds vision and the commitment of our talented executives to keep the shine on McDonalds Arches for years to come. . Its head office is located in Oak Brook United States. McDonalds Corporation is the worlds largest chain of fast food restaurants, working worldwide in 117 countries with 400000 workers. It has 60 Million customers with 32000 restaurants worldwide. A franchisee, an affiliate, or the corporation itself operates every McDonalds restaurant. The corporations reve nues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. Its net operating income for the year ended 2010 is $7.673 Billion. The type of the company is public. Time Line: 1940: Dick and Mac McDonalds open MacDonalds Bar-B-Que restaurant on Fourteenth and E streets in San Bernardino, California 1948: Dick and Mac McDonalds opened the 1st drive thru restaurant in San Bernardino, California. 1949: French Fries replace potato chips on MacDonalds menu 1954: Ray Kroc becomes the first agent of franchise for the McDonalds brothers. 1955: Ray Kroc opens 1st McDonalds in Illinois. 1957: McDonalds started knowing for the motto QSC. 1959: McDonalds started billboard advertising. 1961: Ray Kroc acquires McDonald brothers for $2.7Million. 1963: Ronald McDonald made his debut in a way to attract more children and families. 1965: Television network advertising begins. 1969: The new design for the restaurants roof introduced to replace the red and white design. 1984: Training started providing for every level of McDonalds management worldwide for quality assurance. 1995: The new advertising theme have you had your break today? debuts. 2004: ISO 14000. 2005: 50th Anniversary. 2008: introduces the most broad global packaging design in the brands industry Burger King: Burger King is the 2nd largest fast-food chain, behind only McDonalds. The company franchises more than 10,400 restaurants and owns about 1,000 for a chain wide total exceeding 11,455, with locations in all 50 states and 56 countries. The company serves 15.7 million customers each day and over 2.4 billion Burger King hamburgers are sold each year across the world. In the late 1990s and into the new millennium, Burger King was plagued by falling sales and deteriorating franchisee relationships. Burger Kings parent, Diageo Plc, sold the company to a group of investors led by Texas Pacific Group in 2002. Miami entrepreneurs James McLamore and David Edgerton founded Burger King Corporation in 1954. Five years later, they were ready to get bigger their five Florida Burger Kings into a all over the country chain. By the time they sold their company to Pillsbury in 1967, Burger King had become the third largest fast-food chain in the country and was on its way to second place, after industry leader McDonalds. Time Line: 1954: James McLamore and David Edgerton establish Burger King Corporation. 1957: The Whopper is launched. 1959: The company begins to expand through franchising. 1963: First Burger King outside the U.S. in Puerto Rico 1967: Burger King is sold to Pillsbury. 1975: Burger King introduces the drive-through window 1977: Donald Smith is hired to restructure the firms franchise system. 1978: BKC introduces new line-up of sandwiches (fish, steak, chicken and ham) 1979: BKC introduce breakfast menu 1982: Burger King claims its grilled burgers are better than competitors McDonalds and Wendys fried burgers. 1983: BKC introduce The CroissanWich 1988: BKC launches We do it like youd do it add campaign 1989: Grand Metropolitan plc acquires Pillsbury. 1997: The firm launches a $70 million French fry advertising campaign; Grand Metropolitan merges with Guinness to form Diageo plc. 2002: A group of investors led by Texas Pacific Group acquire Burger King 2004:Subservient Chicken is launched 2005: BK Chicken Fries are introduced 2006: BK goes public limited company 2007: 50th anniversary of the WHOPPER SANDWICH Main Topic This report consists of different operations, research development of products, innovation, changes, and competitiveness of McDonalds and Burger King according to the requirement of this course work. How they do research and developing new products, how they manage their product and service quality, how they taking competitive priority on each others, and which systems and approaches they following to make their businesses successful in this competitive environment and satisfy their customers where expectations of the customers are very high and changing their needs rapidly. Compare and Contrast of Operations How They Cook The main difference can be seen in the kitchen of these two restaurants. How they prepare their burgers for customer like McDonalds cooks their burger by a batch process where as Burger king make their burger by a machine paced assembly process. McDonalds Batch Process McDonalds fries their burgers on a big platen in batches of up to twelve. Two ore more than two batches can be on platen at same time in different stages of cooking. When a worker in the back says Quarter Pounders Up a complete batch is ready at the same time Burger King Broiler Process Burger king cook their burger on continuous chain broiler. Semi prepared burgers are put on one end 80 second later they bring out the other end its cooked. This sort of machine paced assembly process is very common in industrial manufacturing processes. Teamwork VS Assembly Line As both of these companies following two different strategies of operations like Mcdonalds batch process and King Burger assembly line. As in McDonald 12 hamburger are prepared in same time. They are hand seared after 20 seconds on the grill, turned at sixty seconds and pulled at hundred seconds. When they come off workers over there must fastly add condiments wrap and shelve them. If there are two batches going there in different stages of cooking then its mean that speed is more essential part to keep production on going. So its mean the staff must be motivated or the process gums up. Staff must be cooperative and willing to help in another area in case of help required. Burger King Here in Burger King there is no matter at what speed burger are prepared once they are cooked the rate limiting step is the cooking itself. One burger in a time comes off the chain broiler at the rate of 8 per minute, maximum. The machine makes the process fast. As long as you can do your job of assembly process in seven and half seconds per burger that all which is required. Fast and Quick Service(Just In Time) How McDonald can stay on top? The answer id that when it is running good, the batch process allows for much greater throughput and faster speed of services. Speed plays an important role in the popularity of food store. The batch process of McDonald can prepared 300 burger in one hour where as 200 for the continuous chain broiler of Burger king. There are standard given by each restaurant for speed like McDonalds is faster than Burger king because prepared burger for 3 minutes where as McDonalds delivered only in 90 seconds. Capacity Planning McDonald McDonalds has a very strict standard for food preparation and its their goal to facilitate their customer as fast as they can. To meet this goal they set a plan of inventory of food production to meet surges in demand. There are strict limits how long the food can remain in inventory limits the amount of inventory can be made this food limit allow to McDonald create a level between its production and the workforce required. This sort of strategy is called level production. Burger King Burger king is using another sort of strategy. They once promoted their burger using a have it your way philosophy because Burger assemble burger when they receive an order, because product is made when the demand appears. So Burger King has variation in labour need and this is the reason for customer to have wait. They nevertheless provide a product geared according to the requirement of customer. This sort of strategy is known as chase demand. Quality Control Burger King: uses the customer and market oriented surveys to manage the quality of service on regular basis. HSSP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) program is the execution of strict operation and sanitation procedures. Our food safety program employs a broiler design and meat cooking procedures that fully cook products, killing any potentially harmful bacteria. McDonalds: Q.S.C. V. Provide good quality, services to customer. Uses a cleanliness environment when customer enjoys their meal. The value of food product makes every customer is smiling. Price: Burger King uses affordable prices for quality food strategy so that its prices are less than its competitors. McDonalds came up with very high prices. The Company has certain value pricing and bundling strategies such as happy meal, combo meal family meal etc to increase overall sales volumes. Product: McDonalds doesnt offer just burgers their well-diversified menu is also one of the key success factors. Burger King: Burger King is offered flame-grilled burgers and offering a variety of food and other products those fulfilling the demands of all segments of society. Layout of Restaurants: McDonalds: Restaurants have included a playground for children and advertising geared toward children. The new strategy of re-designing of layout of the braches create natural style with a particular emphasis on comfort introducing lounge areas and fireplaces and eliminating hard plastic chairs and tables. These facilities give comfort to customers and create satisfaction. Burger King: The lay out of the restaurants are very wide and people could comfortably spend time with their food. Branding: McDonalds: Has partnership globally with Coca Cola to sell their drink with their menu Burger King: Has also co branding contracts with Coca Cola worldwide. Innovation: Innovation is the lifeblood of any successful business. In modern times, demand and expectations of customers are high and looking for change. The companies have to act accordingly to beat the competition and their survival. McDonalds has continuously introduced new products. The introduction is time such that the new product does not cannibalize the product already in the maturity or growth stage. A perfect example of renewing a product in decline phase French Fries have been an important part of the McDonalds menu worldwide. In an attempt to revive the Fries, Macdonalds amend and re-launch it with new name and style Shake Fries. This is being served with spicy spice mix, which has resulted in increase in the sales of French Fries and has elevated it from to the decline stage. The company is also focusing on nutrition and healthy food options for their customers. Burger King innovations in nutrition, quality, value and taste are all important attributes that can help our guests and their children make choices that promote healthy living. In July 2007, BKC identified two cooking oils with zero trans-fat that passed our rigorous operational, supply and consumer criteria; allowing us to start providing all of our restaurants in the U.S. and Canada with zero trans-fat oils. In 2008, we initiated a limit of 600 milligrams or less of sodium in all of our Kids Meals advertised to children under 12 years old. In May 2009, we introduced lower sodium CHICKEN TENDERSÂ ®, reducing sodium by 36 percent. BKC has joined the American Heart Associations (AHA) Industry Nutrition Advisory Panel (INAP), a partnership between the AHA Nutrition Committee and food industry leaders. INAP brings together representatives from the food industry and science to share information and plan cooperative programs in the areas of diet and nutrition and cardiovascular disease. Maintain Quality, Value and Taste: Nutritionally balanced products should still taste good. If our foods are nutritious and taste great, parents will order, it and kids will eat it. The Burger King always searching new ways to develop new product not only for variety in term of quality of food and nutrition for health of their customers. The are some latest innovations from Burger King BK BURGER SHOTSÂ ®, with BKTM Fresh Apple Fries, MINUTE MAIDÂ ® apple juice, CHICKEN TENDERSÂ ® with BKTM Fresh Apple Fries, Hamburger with BKTM Fresh Apple Fries, Philosophy of McDonalds: McDonalds consider People its philosophy. They provide the best employment experience for our employees to achieve their goals of providing our valued customers with the worlds best quick-service restaurant experience. They strive to recruit the best, hire the best, and provide the best place to work. People: The Company is the well aware of value of both its employees and customers. It knows the reality that a happy employee can work well with conclude as a happy customer. Human resources continuously working on finding new ways to motivate their customers (employees). The company focuses on critical hiring, best training and motivating employees through best pay structure and benefits. Philosophy of Burger King: Philosophy of Burger King to give option to customer to choose the food and we innovate. Burger Kings goals seemed quite clear. They want to individualize each customers order and provide the fastest service possible. Burger King gives the customer many choices and to accurately and quickly provide whatever the customer chooses. This policy is reflected in their slogan, your way, right away. Operating under this policy makes it very easy to achieve their goals. To facilitate fast service Burger King takes customer orders on a continual basis. One employee takes the customers order, the customer then moves down the line where another employee is preparing the order. Customers also get their own drinks while they are waiting for their meal. Burger King providing the innovative and healthy food options to their customers. Problems: Burger King Corporation is the second largest fast food restaurant chain in the world and growing their franchise network through globally. The company needs to do a lot to sustain the performance in this competitive environment. Burger King has good operational systems designed to provide customers with efficient and responsive services. The success of the operational system of Burger King is directly related to the degree of co-operation and co-ordination among these three subsystems. Any attempt to improve the efficiency, quality and responsiveness of the operational system must focus on these subsystems and their interactions. On the other hand increasing customers demand and expectations are challenges. Burger King is facing the following some problems in operations which affecting the quality services as compare with competitors: Staff motivation Inventory systems Equipment upgrade Customer accessibility Recommendations: Based on the analysis we can conclude that The Company should start by solving their internal issues so that they could perform batter and could achieve their objectives: Staff Motivation: The turnover rate is high employee are not staying long due to lack of motivation. The company should focus on retaining their staff. The company should plan an internal marketing so that they could address these issues. For this the company should give their employees tailored made training to serve the customers and coordination between them. The structure of the pay should be revised as per market based and give them incentives and benefits on their best performance. They should organize the team building activities to create team bonding within the teams. Inventory Management Systems: The company is using inventory and supply chain systems those are not latest and affecting the efficiency of the company, due to this company is facing the inventory wastage and storage expenses. If the company do focus on improving, inventory systems that could reduce the cost of materials handling and waste. Equipment: The company is the second largest company and need to update about the technology and equipment those are using within the operations. The company is spending huge amount of money on marketing, innovation and employee but if the food processing equipments not giving desired out could lead to loss of revenue, service and resources. The company should up-grade the systems that will help the company to perform better. Customer Accessibility: Burger King is facing very fierce competition. The company has less accessible to their customers as compare with the competitors like MacDonalds that why company is losing the business. Although it could, addresses in long term but very necessary because if you spend on product development, sourcing material and advertisement globally then you need to reach the customers accordingly. In this contest, you are not getting the right business due to fewer stores geographically. Conclusion Burger King: This age is competition and innovation with better management of the resources. It is a very strong chain of fast food restaurants all over the world. Being in maturity stage it has high opportunities of introducing its new products and growth. In future, it will be expanding its chain by introducing more outlets in more countries. Although in McDonalds there may be more problems than Burger King but the fact is there cannot be a perfect one in the world. Every organization has its internal problems but Burger King is what it should not be. Because people rely on it hugely. Burger King should serve people with true spirit of the company vision. Personal Reflection: Personal Description and Expectation I would like to describe myself as a very pleasant, diverse, energetic and committed person. I think one of my most distinguishing characteristic is my professional experiences and the business degree I am carrying under my belt. Along with my business education, my experience with the contact centre industry, peoples management that provides me sufficient exposure to manage a team, focuses on the performance and peoples management and delivering quality services. The visionaries place the customer at the core of their organizations business systems. In fact, it takes a visionary to see the mass market, assemble the financial and human resources and be the winner at the market place. My previous experience of management and leadership push me to learn advance techniques of business from the best business school in London. I have known about the practical processes of the business but not have idea about the philosophies of the business and culture of the multinational organization around the world.. Learning Outcomes: When I have started this module in the college and start reading books and other readings found this a real practical course. The theory of quality services and operational strategies I have read were those we were practising in the office in routine. Then I start associating these theories and knowledge with my previous experience that helped me to learn and understand the practices in real world. Learning and Development: With the help of previous practical management experience and latest operational techniques up to date practices I feel very clear changes in my perception about operations. In the past, I was following the pattern, which was designed by the top management to implement the policies. I never challenged those policies and practices due to lack of knowledge and expertise. After completing these multinational corporations operational management approaches I feel very comfortable and confident to take new challenges and responsibilities in future. It gives me in-depth knowledge and practical exposure about the subjects, which help me to start analytical and critical thinking about the projects.